What are the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a range of physical and emotional symptoms that typically occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, just before menstruation begins. The correct option highlights key symptoms commonly associated with PMS, including mood swings, bloating, irritability, and breast tenderness.

Mood swings are a well-documented emotional symptom that can arise due to changes in hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone, during the menstrual cycle. Bloating is also frequently experienced, often related to fluid retention that can occur due to hormonal fluctuations. Irritability is another emotional symptom linked to PMS, which can impact a person's overall mood and behavior. Breast tenderness is a physical symptom that many women report, resulting from hormonal changes affecting breast tissue.

The other options include symptoms that are not characteristic of PMS, such as hot flashes and joint pain, which are more indicative of menopause or other conditions. Fever and nausea are generally not associated with PMS either, and severe headaches and dizziness may suggest other medical issues rather than the typical symptoms of PMS. This distinction is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle.