Which two criteria are required by the Rotterdam criteria to diagnose PCOS?

The Rotterdam criteria, established in 2003, are a widely accepted framework for diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). According to these criteria, a diagnosis of PCOS can be made if at least two out of the following three criteria are present: oligo- or anovulation, clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries as identified by ultrasound.

Choosing oligo/anovulation and hyperandrogenism as the correct criteria captures two of the essential elements for diagnosing PCOS. Oligo- or anovulation refers to irregular or absent ovulation, which often leads to menstrual irregularities and infertility, commonly seen in women with PCOS. Hyperandrogenism involves elevated levels of male hormones in the body, which may manifest as hirsutism (excess hair growth), acne, or other androgen-related symptoms.

Both of these components are crucial in the clinical assessment of PCOS and resonate with the endocrine and metabolic disturbances that characterize the syndrome. While insulin resistance and diabetes can be associated with PCOS and may influence management, they are not diagnostic criteria under the Rotterdam framework. Similarly, factors such as age and family history may be relevant in understanding a woman's overall risk