Which two pathogens are most commonly associated with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

The most commonly associated pathogens with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis are indeed Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. These two bacteria are frequently implicated in both adult and pediatric sinus infections.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis, and it is also a significant player in upper respiratory tract infections. Its role in rhinosinusitis stems from its ability to flourish in inflamed mucosal surfaces, often following a viral infection that has compromised the sinuses.

Haemophilus influenzae, especially non-typeable strains, is similarly associated with acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract, including rhinosinusitis. This pathogen can colonize the nasopharynx and can lead to secondary infections when the sinus passages are obstructed.

The combination of these pathogens is particularly relevant because they often coexist and can contribute to a mixed bacterial infection, which is a common characteristic of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Knowledge of these pathogens helps guide appropriate antibiotic therapy and management strategies.